Biography Epictetus, born around 55 AD in Hierapolis, Phrygia (now part of modern-day Turkey), was initially born into slavery. He lived in Rome where he was a slave to Epaphroditos, a wealthy freedman and secretary to Nero. Epictetus was eventually freed and went on to teach philosophy in Rome until approximately 93 AD, when Emperor Domitian banished philosophers from the city. He then relocated to Nicopolis in…
In Seneca letter 65, "On the First Cause," dives into the philosophical inquiries concerning the origins and workings of the universe, exploring various theories about causation and the nature of existence. Seneca shares with Lucilius his thoughts on the subject, drawing from different philosophical traditions to examine the principles that govern the universe and the role of divine providence in the cosmic order. Seneca begins by recounting…
Table of Contents Introduction Marcus Aurelius, often known for his philosophical musings in Meditations, was not only a philosopher but also one of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of Rome. His reign (A.D. 161-180) is frequently cited as a pinnacle of the Roman Empire's power and stability, characterized by a commitment to the principles of wisdom and justice reflected in his Stoic beliefs. Policies and Governance During his…
Table of Contents What is Stoicism? Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means to overcome destructive emotions. It is not just a set of ethical beliefs but also includes logical and physical theories. The Stoics believed that a fundamental principle, which they referred to as the 'Logos,' governs the universe and that human beings must live in accordance with…
Table of Contents Introduction Premeditatio malorum, a concept deeply embedded in Stoic philosophy, essentially involves the premeditation of potential adversities or misfortunes. This Stoic exercise prepares individuals to handle unexpected challenges with resilience and equanimity by envisioning and rationalizing worst-case scenarios ahead of time. Understanding Premeditatio Malorum The term premeditatio malorum can be translated as "the premeditation of evils." This practice is designed to reduce the shock…