Table of Contents Biography Marcus Aurelius, born on April 26, 121 AD, in Rome, was a Roman emperor and philosopher, renowned for his rule guided by Stoic philosophy. He became emperor in 161 AD, co-ruling with Lucius Verus until 169 AD, and then as the sole ruler after Verus's death. His reign is marked by military conflict, including wars against the Parthian Empire and various Germanic tribes. Despite these challenges, Marcus…
Table of Contents Biography Lucius Annaeus Seneca, commonly known as Seneca the Younger, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and dramatist born around 4 BC in Corduba, Hispania (modern-day Spain). He was raised in Rome, where he was educated in rhetoric and philosophy. Seneca’s career in public service saw various phases, including his roles as quaestor, senator, and advisor to Emperor Nero. His relationship with Nero soured, leading to his…
Biography Epictetus, born around 55 AD in Hierapolis, Phrygia (now part of modern-day Turkey), was initially born into slavery. He lived in Rome where he was a slave to Epaphroditos, a wealthy freedman and secretary to Nero. Epictetus was eventually freed and went on to teach philosophy in Rome until approximately 93 AD, when Emperor Domitian banished philosophers from the city. He then relocated to Nicopolis in…
In Seneca letter 65, "On the First Cause," dives into the philosophical inquiries concerning the origins and workings of the universe, exploring various theories about causation and the nature of existence. Seneca shares with Lucilius his thoughts on the subject, drawing from different philosophical traditions to examine the principles that govern the universe and the role of divine providence in the cosmic order. Seneca begins by recounting…
Table of Contents Introduction Marcus Aurelius, often known for his philosophical musings in Meditations, was not only a philosopher but also one of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of Rome. His reign (A.D. 161-180) is frequently cited as a pinnacle of the Roman Empire's power and stability, characterized by a commitment to the principles of wisdom and justice reflected in his Stoic beliefs. Policies and Governance During his…